赵勇|当中国当代流行音乐遇见披头士/The Beatles Have Come

前言
在“The Beatles, Tomorrow”世界巡回展开展之际(北京今日美术馆2号馆,2018.03.24 – 2018.05.27),笔者应《中国画报》(China Pictorial)之约,回顾了披头士对中国音乐人、流行音乐(主要是摇滚乐)所形成的影响。因篇幅所限,未能展开。
本文的中文稿由笔者所写,后经编辑压缩、调整后,由《中国画报》的工作人员译成了英文,特此致谢!
当中国当代流行音乐遇见披头士
谈及西方流行音乐对中国歌坛的影响,肯定是需要从邓丽君与港台音乐说起的。因为在1980年代中前期,“大陆学港台”是一个普遍现象。港台又在学谁呢?自然是学欧美。由于港台比大陆先走一步,直接面对“模仿的模仿”和“影子的影子”,就成为大陆音乐界学习流行音乐的主流姿态。这就好比国人当初接受马克思主义,不是从遥远的德意志直接盗来火种,而是删繁就简,拿来的是前苏联布尔什维克的改装版。
因此,在80年代中前期,凡得风气之先,能与欧美流行音乐直接对接者,或者生于大都市的音乐之家,或者待在音乐界的朋友圈,他们人数不多,少得可怜。比如,崔健的父亲是空政文工团的专业小号演奏员,母亲则是中央歌舞团成员;刘元的父亲是中央歌舞团的唢呐演奏家。崔健说:“像我们这些人,在这样的团体里生活长大的孩子,是非常非常少的,在北京可能有上百个、二百个团体吧,在外地最多大城市有一二十个,甚至更少。”(崔健、周国平:《自由风格》,广西师范大学出版社,第31页)他们应该是接触西方流行音乐的先驱。“呼吸”乐队吉他手曹均回忆:“对我影响最大的当然是the Beatles。”约翰·列侬被枪杀的1980年,他偶然得到披头士的一盘带子,刚开始听不懂,“可就记住了一首歌,叫Yesterday,因为特别好听,就慢慢听下来了。后来也陆续买了一些音乐的磁带,就是the Beatles,那一段什么都不听,就听了Beatles。”(陆凌涛、李洋:《呐喊:为了中国曾经的摇滚》,广西师范大学出版社2003年版,第14页)这种经历估计是很具有代表性的。比如,崔健当年在乐队里吹小号期间,认识一些老外,听了他们带进来的各种各样的带子,包括The who,the Beatles,ABBA等乐队(查建英主编:《八十年代:访谈录》,三联书店2006年版,第150页)。许巍说过:“我当初走上音乐之路就是因为对‘披头士’乐队的喜爱,英国摇滚文化对我的创作影响是最大的。”(《许巍 探访摇滚的故乡》)汪峰也说过他一直喜欢“披头士”:“我认为它是我生活中非常重要的一部分,当我觉得孤立无助的时候,我去听他们的歌曲,去体会他们所写的东西,就会给我希望。”(《汪峰:摇滚乐是生活的必需品 我和许巍是好朋友》)
The Beatles(甲壳虫乐队),英国摇滚乐队,由约翰·列侬(John Lennon)、林戈·斯塔尔(Ringo Starr)、保罗·麦卡特尼(Paul McCartney)和乔治·哈里森(George Harrison)四名成员组成。2008年他们在美国公告牌“最杰出音乐人Hot 100”榜单中名列榜首,同年以20首冠军单曲在公告牌“最多冠军单曲”榜单中排名第一。2012年,英国官方排行榜公司公布了英国最畅销乐队排行榜,The Beatles名列榜首。
因此,在中国摇滚乐的起步阶段和成长阶段,欧美乐队对它的影响是显而易见的。崔健就曾坦率指出:“我的任何一首歌,都受人影响,《新长征路上的摇滚》受‘警察’(The Police)的影响,《假行僧》、《一无所有》受的是斯汀的影响,大家都能听出来,我没必要躲避这些东西。听完了他们的音乐有冲动马上就去创作了,唯一的一点就是把它中文化了。换了语言和乐器,一下子就有欲望和中国音乐发生关系。”(王小峰:《只有大众,没有文化》,广西师范大学2015年版,第111页)这种现象是毫不奇怪的,因为摇滚乐乃至整个流行音乐都是舶来品,我们必然要经历一个模仿和学习的阶段。只有经历过这种洗礼之后,才有可能找到自己的位置,确立自己的形式。
崔健
那么,这种模仿和学习究竟给中国流行音乐带来了什么呢?大体而言,似乎集中在如下几个方面。
其一,可以站得高,看得远,少走弯路,一步到位。这方面,王菲是一个典型个案,王小峰对此有精彩分析。他认为,王菲早年虽与北京摇滚乐手走得很近,但假如不是1987年离开北京,定居香港,她现在顶多也就是另一个那英。王菲的幸运在于,“她干脆越过港台,直奔欧美,她把比约克的形象设计搬过来,把‘小红莓’的‘咽音’模仿过来,在唱片封面设计上越来越大胆性感。……王菲很聪明地模仿了‘小红莓’、Cocteau Twins这类乐队女主唱的演唱方式,用这种修饰的假音不但回避了自己的弱点,而且还标新立异,将自己嗓音的优势发挥出来。而在这个时期,包括港台,有多少人知道比约克、‘小红莓’、托里·阿莫斯或者Cocteau Twins呢?恰恰是她这超前半步的模仿,成了个性的象征。”(《只有大众,没有文化》,139-140页)这就是直接模仿的好处。说得直白点,她这么做是“没有中间商赚差价”。
王菲代表作《红豆》
小红莓乐队(The Cranberries),又译卡百利乐队、红草莓乐队、小红莓合唱团。1990年代成立于爱尔兰利默里克(Limerick)。全球唱片销量超过2500万张,在世界各地成绩斐然。卡百利被视为爱尔兰历史上最伟大的另类摇滚乐队之一。
其二,可以醍醐灌顶,让人一下子开窍。为了说明这一问题,不妨举一个作家的例子加以类比。莫言读《喧哗与骚动》是在1984年12月,未读之时,他对“福克纳大叔”不以为然,但读进去却大吃一惊:“在此之前,我一直还在按照我们的小说教程上的方法来写小说,这样的写作是真正的苦行。我感到自己找不到要写的东西,而按照我们教材上讲的,如果感到没有东西可写时,就应该下去深入生活。读了福克纳之后,我感到如梦初醒,原来小说可以这样地胡说八道,原来农村里发生的那些鸡毛蒜皮的小事也可以堂而皇之地写成小说。他的约克纳帕塔法县尤其让我明白了,一个作家,不但可以虚构人物,虚构故事,而且可以虚构地理。于是我就把他的书扔到一边,拿起笔来写自己的小说了。”(《莫言散文》,浙江文艺出版社2000年版,第296-297页)福克纳让莫言意识到小说原来可以这么写,披头士、小红莓乐队又让多少歌手意识到歌可以这么唱呢?
威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner 1897年9月25日-1962年7月6日),美国文学史上最具影响力的作家之一,意识流文学在美国的代表人物,1949年诺贝尔文学奖得主,获奖原因为“因为他对当代美国小说做出了强有力的和艺术上无与伦比的贡献”。他一生共写了19部长篇小说与120多篇短篇小说,其中15部长篇与绝大多数短篇的故事都发生在约克纳帕塔法县,称为“约克纳帕塔法世系”。
其三,可以引发“化学反应”,最终找到自己的语言和表达。崔健曾经说过:“政治的语言是物理反应,艺术的语言是化学反应。”(《自由风格》,81页)两种“反应”的根本区别在于,后者生成了新东西而前者没有。由此观之,崔健的摇滚乐中使用古筝、唢呐、笛子等民族乐器,既是内容需要,也是融入中国元素之后对摇滚乐民族形式的一种探寻。像《不是我不明白》中刘元吹的那段笛子独奏曲《扬鞭催马运粮忙》,可谓形式即内容,它强化了一种中国式的表达,也呼应着“这世界变化快”的主题。又如,崔健后期的音乐“说唱”的因素骤然增多。这既是强化节奏弱化旋律的需要,也是中文唱Rap的一次革命。他说过:“没有玩过布鲁斯、没有玩过Offbeat(错拍)、没有玩过复合节奏,很难把Rap唱得像Rap,基本上就是数来宝。英语本身就是有点像军鼓的语言,里面有不同的多重爆破音,能同时出现,特别丰富。中国话都是一个字一个音,还有四个音控制。我觉得最好的写作方法就是首先把微小的口语词加进去,另外就是解放语音,你愿意怎么发音就怎么发音,你愿意升就升,愿意降就降,这样一解放,就马上想到地方话。这是逼得没办法,没辙。”(《只有大众,没有文化》,111页)由此琢磨他的《混子》以及《蓝色骨头》中的“说唱”,就会发现崔健已把中文Rap说唱到极致。所有这些,其实都是化学反应。
其四,最重要的,是可以赋予摇滚乐一种特殊的精神气质。中国当代音乐的前三十年,其抒情模式无疑是“高强硬响”,80年代开始,这种局面虽有很大程度改观,但所抒之情依然是“大我”之情,“小我”化的私人叙事并无多少合法存在的理由。明乎此,我们就能意识到,从“我们的生活比蜜甜”到“快上我在雪地上撒点野”,这是多么大的转变!这种转变又是如何开始的?显然与欧美乐队的启蒙有关。崔健说过:“‘披头士’的意义,就是将一股反叛的精神主流化,这才是摇滚乐。”(亨特·戴维斯《披头士》一书勒口文字,中信出版社2015年版)与此同时,他还反复提及Hip Hop,Freestyle等给他带来过诸多启发。这就意味着,正是欧美的摇滚乐、爵士乐给崔健以及他的同道提供了反叛、批判、自由风格和个性解放的养料。而批判,也一直是崔健强调的摇滚精神。他甚至想通过这种批判完成某种证明:“这个社会存在着批判、存在呻吟是社会发达的一个象征,相反,在那个不开放的时期,我们没有生活,却都说我们的生活比蜜甜。”(《自由风格》,58页)以崔健本人为例,尽管在前四张专辑中,其批判的锋芒呈不断弱化趋势,却依然犀利,像一把刀子,但在《给你一点颜色》(2005)和《光冻》(2015)两张专辑中,批判与呻吟似已瓦解。这是不是意味着他本人也走进了他自己的分析与判断之中?
传统的“高强硬响”
《给你一点颜色》是崔健于2005年3月23日发行的专辑,共收录11首歌曲。
经历了1990年代中前期的辉煌之后,摇滚乐就在中国走下坡路了,何以如此?这个问题我已有专文分析(参见《从摇滚到民谣:“批判现实”的音乐轨迹》,《中国图书评论》2012年第12期),兹不赘述。我这里只想说明的是,现如今,那种直指人心,听得让你血脉贲张,仿佛就要爆炸的摇滚乐已越来越少,甚至几近于无。“爆炸”是种怎样的感觉呢?知名网友和菜头许多年后听披头士,曾经这样描述:“大概是在听《Something》的时候,看着歌词,我突然感觉到胸膛里有什么东西一下攥住,然后又被严重堵塞,压力不断上升,直到最后‘砰’的一声,我的脑袋就如同瓶塞一样飞上了天空。”(《成长在没有披头士的时代》,《羊城晚报》2014年3月4日)
1992年崔健在云南昆明表演时台下的狂热摇滚饭们
就是这种感觉。
2018年3月20日
The Beatles Have Come
译/周昕
The Beatles had significant influence on the birth and growth of China’s rock music in the 1980s and 1990s.
On March 22, 2018, all albums by The Beatles, the most influential and successful British band of all time, were released in China in digital form, available on he country’s major online music platforms. At the same time, their final album Abbey Road went on sale n physical shops in China, which will be followed by many others. Abbey Road sold over 20,000 copies on one digital platform in a single day.
Cover of Abbey Road (1969).
The exhibition titled “The Beatles, Tomorrow” has been on display at the Today Art Museum in Beijing since March 24. The exhibition features classic music as well as hundreds of precious photos, videos, memorabilia and personal items once owned by members of the band. Formed in the early 1960s, The Beatles exerted direct influence on he evolution of rock music in the 960s and later. The band was also tremendously influential on the birth and growth of China’s rock music in he 1980s and 1990s.
Cao Jun was once guitarist for he Chinese band The Breathing. His experience absorbing The Beatles peaks volumes. In 1980, he chanced upon a cassette tape of The Beatles. At first he didn’t understand the lyrics, but still remembered the song “Yesterday.” “It was so wonderful that I continued to listen to it despite not understanding the lyrics,” he recalls. “Probably the biggest single influence on my career was The Beatles.”
Cover of Yesterday and Today (1966)
Xu Wei, born in 1968, is another famous Chinese rock singer who pursued a music career because of passion for The Beatles. “British rock culture influenced my composing most,” he says. Renowned rock singer Wang Feng, born in 1971, regards The Beatles as a significant part of his life. “When I feel helpless I listen to their songs and think,” he says. “They make me feel hope.”
Xu Wei
In the early 1980s, soon after China implemented the reform and opening-up policy, few on the Chinese mainland had access to music from the West. Pop music from Hong Kong and Taiwan, which imitated its peers in Europe and America, became the window for the Chinese mainland to learn. Cui Jian, considered the “founding father” of Chinese rock music after releasing China’s first rock song “Nothing to My Name” in 1986, once said: “In the 1980s, hardly anyone knew anything about Western pop music.”However, those who became familiar with Western pop music have been leading China’s music scene and helping the rise of Chinese music throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Following the trends of “red songs” and “songs of revolution,” lyrical ballads became popular in China in the 1980s, and China’s rock music emerged during the same period. The dramatic change was inspired by introduction to bands from Europe and America.
Cui Jian, for example, found his language and expression through “chemistry” with Western music. “Every single song of mine was influenced by Western bands,” he admits. “After listening to their music, I got the impulse to compose immediately. The difference was that I changed the core to Chinese things.” Cui employed traditional Chinese instruments such as the zither, suona(a Chinese woodwind instrument) and flute in his music, which became an exploration of rock music with Chinese elements. A flute solo in Cui’s “It’s Not That I Don’t Understand” (1989) not only serves as a louder Chinese expression, but also echoes the theme of the song—that the world was changing so fast. In the later stage of his career, he began releasing hip-hop-style songs such as “Hun Zi” in 2014 and “The Blue Bone” in 2015, which are considered two of the best of Chinese rap songs.
Cui Jian
Another example is Faye Wong, the queen of Chinese power ballads, who started her career in Hong Kong. In the 1990s, she captured the fashionable elements of Western pop culture with good sensitivity and imitated them, through which she turned “weird Western music into mainstream Chinese music.” She gradually became one of China’s best pop singers. As noted Chinese music critic Wang Xiaofeng said, Faye Wong “went past Hong Kong and Taiwan and straight to the West. She adopted the image of Bjork and imitated the Pharyngeal tone of The Cranberries. The designs of her album covers were increasingly sexier. It was her faster imitation that gave her a unique edge.”
Faye Wong
As Cui said, the success of The Beatles can largely be attributed to their ability to make rebelliousness mainstream. Rock music and jazz from Europe and America provided China’s rock music with critique and liberalization. However, after a short period of prosperity, China’s rock music has declined since the 1990s. Today, most youngsters listen to fluffy pop music downloaded online. Rock songs that pierce the soul and make pulses race are rarely heard.
(本文原载于China Pictorial 2018年4月刊)

版权声明